Kouzes and Posneer

Question: Talk about theKouzes and Posneer. Answer: Presentation: Authority can be clarified as a variable act of deciding an objective or a point, persuading a group to accomplish the set objective, sharing a dream, supporting the group, and propelling them to accomplish the focused on point. In an everyday daily schedule of a medical attendant, this could mean coordination of day and night work shifts, and the group of attendants, and supporting the staff on the job under the bearing of a pioneer (Abraham, 2011). The authority abilities of a medical caretaker are to effectively work the movements, improving the staff spirit, and overseeing and giving hundred percent of commitment for a situation of testing or troublesome circumstances. Kouzes and Posner have structured a model of initiative called Kouzes and Posner (2012) that can characterize in the most ideal way the necessary abilities of a compelling pioneer. Some have inherent initiative aptitudes, and some need to build up these abilities to be a compelling pioneer. The Kouzes and Posner (2 012) have separated its model into five practices that a pioneer ought to exceed expectations in his field. Here in this report, the equivalent has been clarified with the assistance of a case of initiative and the advancement made in driving (Abu-Tineh, Khasawneh and Omary, 2009). Case of Leadership I am filling in as an enrolled nurture with a presumed Hospital in Hong Kong. Under my height, there are around five male and seven female medical caretakers whom I need to lead according to the everyday necessities. seventh September was a typical working day, when I was called by the head nurture and was informed that a train mishap had occurred, and a considerable lot of the casualties would be going to our clinic. She requested that I be prepared with my group and different game plans. I accumulated my group and guided them with the obligations, they should deal with. Alongside the obligations I likewise revealed to them that the greater part of the casualties are away from their family, so they need the compassion, backing, and love from us. Everyone is of various nature, thus a considerable lot of them together will test our understanding in this manner, it is essential that we all ought to comprehend the predicament all patients are in and carry on as needs be. There were arou nd hundred patients that originated from the mishap site. It was actually a provoking procedure to give the important medical aid to them and afterward send them to specialists for additional treatment. I remained there with my group and began rewarding all the casualties of the mishap. An eager and enthusiastic day was in front of us, however I energized my colleagues normally for their endeavors they were putting alongside that finishing my obligations too. When all the patients were dealt with and set. I accumulated my group and expressed gratitude toward them for their help and difficult work which they appeared in such a troublesome circumstance and requested that they resemble this in future additionally, as it would assist them with improving their work. As an award of their difficult work I told that next espresso gathering will be on me. This experience caused me to get familiar with a great deal as it helped me to know where I remained with my group, and how well I was dri ving them to confront the forthcoming conditions and be a superior individual in work and throughout everyday life. In this experience, the model degree of the initiative is shown. This could be clarified with the assistance of the administration model Kouzes and Posner (2012). How a pioneer has followed the five acts of the authority model and the duties that a pioneer should make with him-self or her-self to lead their group in a successful manner is by and large all around clarified in the model. Kouzes and Posner Model (2012) Model the Way-The individual believability of a pioneer is one of his basic characteristics and furthermore the base on the initiative. The colleagues or the subordinates ought to have a conviction on their pioneer, at that point just they will have the option to obviously comprehend the message that a pioneer need to impart. A pioneer ought to have the option to unmistakably express the correct way that their subordinates should take. As given in the model I had the obligation of driving a group of twelve individuals and when I understood that a specific circumstance needs my initiative quality where I needed to direct my subordinates the most ideal approach to treat the patients I attempted to do my absolute best and clarified them the circumstance (AL-Dossary, Kitsantas and Maddox, 2014). My administration had demonstrated fruitful as my group had the option to effectively comprehend the affectability of the circumstance and acted in the most ideal manner. I had effectively satisf ied the responsibilities of the model. I imparted my concept of training to my subordinates whom they had the option to recreate and I my-self worked with them with a similar meticulousness to accomplish the objective set by us. A model was set by me for my colleagues to follow which was a need at that point (Bensfield, Solari-Twadell and Sommer, 2008). Roused a common vision-A pioneer ought to have the option to give the vision he has to his subordinates. In the event that their vision is unmistakably passed and comprehended by their colleagues then they will have the option to change the vision into a reality (Waite and Brooks, 2014). It is vital that the correspondence level between the individuals and the pioneers must be entirely agreeable and clear. In the above-given model, (Kouzes and Posner, 2011) I passed on my vision of treatment that was should have been given to the patients and how to give them with compassion and affectability. My vision was conveyed to my group, and they had the option to adapt to the delicate and testing circumstance remaining before them. I attempted to satisfy both the duties of this training as I expected the circumstance and what lie later on and conveyed my vision to my subordinates likewise and recreate it into a reality (Brightman, 2007). Challenge the procedure The life is loaded with difficulties and a pioneer ought to consistently be set up to confront the up and coming difficulties that life tosses before the person in question. The duties of this training likewise express that a pioneer should get the open doors by doing tests, facing challenges, and gain from their missteps. Same as in the model, when a difficult circumstance came before me and my group, I took the test and supported my group, to adhere to my guidelines to effortlessly go through the circumstance and help all the patients (Player and Burns, 2015). I attempted to demonstrate my administration expertise by setting a model for my group to follow and develop as far as they can tell. There were a great deal of odds of the disappointment in taking care of the troublesome circumstance, yet my confidence in myself and on my leader me to progress. This test had likewise helped in demonstrating that I as a pioneer and my group can handle any test tossed a t us (Bruno and Lay, 2008). Empower other to act-A pioneer needs a group to show their authority aptitudes. A pioneer knows very well that a decent group is a need to accomplish any objective set by the administration. A group is a gathering of individuals who have their own thoughts and nature. It is extremely essential for a pioneer to make people structure a group and work with one another by regarding every others considerations and nature (Butko, 2012). The duties of this training additionally express that a pioneer ought to have the option to make his kin fill in according to the given headings given by working together with the gathering individuals and fortifying the group by supporting each other in a wide range of conditions. Rewarding hundred of patients was not a simple undertaking, however me, and my group had the option to vanquish the errand since we as a whole worked like a group and I as a pioneer had the option to get my collaboration according to my bearings. I invited any recommendation orig inating from my group and revealed to them how to function with a great deal of persistence and compassion for the patients. My headings not just helped my group to work through a troublesome circumstance yet additionally helped the casualties by supporting them and giving them compassion and fix (Castille, 2012). Support the heart-Sometimes individuals get bothered, baffled, and disillusioned with the work they are doing, at that point it turns into the pioneers duty to empower their subordinates and lift their assurance. A pioneer ought to perceive the commitment of his or group and ought to value their endeavors. In the above-given model, the circumstance where I as a pioneer and my group should show our effectiveness was extremely troublesome just as trying (Chang and Lin, 2008). The mistake of the casualties would had effortlessly influenced the colleagues, however not just I supported my colleagues by acknowledging what they were doing and a little token of thankfulness was given by as an espresso reward for their difficult work and work productivity. Along these lines the model showed both the responsibilities of the training which is to perceive the endeavors of the laborers and commend their triumph with the espresso treat as a prize which I guaranteed them. (Snap, 2014). Initiative Practice Inventory Here, the practices and their responsibilities of the authority model of Kouzes and Posner (2012) are scored according to the advancement I made in my initiative expertise while functioning as an enrolled nurture. Score-1= Bad, 2 = OK, 3 = Good, 4 = Very Well Done, 5 = Best Practices of the Model Duties Score Model the Way Explain values by finding your voice and attesting shared standards 4 Set the model by adjusting activities to shared qualities 4 Motivate a Shared Vision Imagine the future by envisioning energizing and honoring prospects 3 Enroll others in a typical vision by speaking to shared yearnings 4 Challenge the Process Quest for circumstances by holding onto the activity and by searching externally 5 Investigation and face challenges by continually creating little successes and gaining for a fact 5 Empower Others to Act Cultivate joint effort by building trust and encouraging connections 4 Reinforce others by expanding self-assurance creating skill 3 Empower the Heart Recogni

Postwar Women Essays - Gender Studies, Counterculture Of The 1960s

After war Women Essays - Gender Studies, Counterculture Of The 1960s After war Women After war Women World War Two has regularly been depicted as a defining moment in the fight for correspondence among people. From the earliest starting point, ladies were continually battling to pick up status, regard, and rights in their general public. Preceding World War Two, a lady's job in the public arena was viewed as somebody who cooked, cleaned, and conceived an offspring. The years during and following the war denoted a defining moment in the fight for uniformity. Ladies, for once, were being viewed as people with abilities outside the kitchen, and we're just because allowed to substantiate themselves. On December 7, 1942, Pearl Harbor was shelled and FDR proclaimed war. This denoted the section of the US into World War Two, a war which has been going on in Europe for just about 2 years earlier. The beginning of World War II opened another part in the lives of ladies living in America. Across the nation, spouses, fathers, children and siblings sent out to battle in Europe. With the section of the US and the nonattendance of huge amounts of men, the interest for provisions expanded, and ladies were gotten out of the kitchen and into the workforce. Banners, pennants, and jingles were all perspectives that supported ladies' passage into the workforce. Millions walked into processing plants, workplaces, and army installations. The interest for work was incredible to such an extent, that a survey taken that year indicated that solitary 13% of the populace restricted females entering the workforce. Ladies' occupations changed from war attendants and cooking for the military, to making bombs and making weapons. Different occupations prospered, also. Ladies picture takers, authors, and reports were for once given an opportunity. The war offered ladies opportunity never given to them. The war has allowed ladies to show what they can do on the planet, and they have done well.(Craig,4). Ladies were allowed opportunity and to live the American dream. In 1910 till around 1940, ladies' business rate was as low as just 13%. By June of 1942, females held 55% everything being equal. Nineteen million ladies were completely utilized by 1945. Ladies worked in fields that preceding the war appeared to be just reasonable for men. They held positions, for example, makes of overwhelming apparatus, to welders in a shipyard. This new work opening additionally, just because, gave ladies their very own compensation. Ladies got better compensation, improved and new abilities, and the confidence that accompanies getting pay, opportunity, and opportunity. Ladies were allowed to settle on their own choices, without the exhortation of their spouses, siblings, or fathers. The budgetary circumstance was completely up to them. They made and dealt with their month to month financial plans, and chose where and how to go through their cash. The war transformed everybody. You just purchased everything. I was purchasing these fox hides and these things. I could simply purchase anything.(Craig,4) Likewise during the war, ladies were being conceded into Unions. They secured a ladies' wages and was the reason for it rising. Beforehand, a Union never secured female workers. When they were conceded, the War Labor Board helped a significant number of the progressions to happen. Associations nullified a businesses motivating force to enlist a female over a male, with the Equal compensation for equivalent work. Furthermore, Unions gave assurance and advantages of a vocation, and helped increment compensations. A narrative entitled The Life and Times of Rosie the Riverter, concentrated on five ladies whose lives changed because of the war. Lola Weixel, Margaret Wright, Lyn Childs, Gladys Belcher, and Wanita Allen, were ladies who were utilized before the war, and afterward after. The report recounted how before the war, they were utilized at low paying, low gifted occupations, and were avoided from substantial ventures. They were accepting such a little pay, that they were completely compelled to depend on men for money related help. With the passageway of the war, their compensations, and their situations in the workforce all rose significantly. The Allies' last push in the mid year of 1945 concluded World War II. With the finish of the war, came the weight for females to come back to where

What to do on Dads Weekend!

What to do on Dads Weekend! Illinois has a great tradition of its parents weekends. The campus transforms into something completely different, with dads walking around everywhere. It was a jarring thing to see, but it was so much fun being able to take my dad around all weekend and show him what my college experience is like. Heres a couple of the things we did when he was here: Campus Tour A lot of peoples parents have visited here before with them, but never really got an in-depth tour of the town. For my dad, he went here for his undergraduate as well. Although he remembers the campus very well, there are many things that are way different for him. A big change was all the stores and restaurants on Green Street. Although the layout was mostly the same, a lot of places to get food have come and gone since he came here. Another big change was all of the huge apartment complexes that have sprung up over the last few years. He said that he didnt have anywhere near as nice to live when he came here a long time ago. Tailgate Outside Memorial Stadium in Grange Grove, there are tailgates-a-plenty. The smell of burgers is in the air as dads and their kids get ready for the game. My dad and I went to a friends tailgate, and it was a great time. It was a perfect way to get ready and excited for the football game against Rutgers. At Grange Grove, theres something for everyone. Whether youre tailgating with your friends or going to the official school BBQ, football fans are out in full force getting ready for the game. It was really fun to see everyone so excited to see the Illini play and for my dad to re-experience going to the football games with me. Football Game The actual football game was a blast. We had great seats, and the game was awesome as well. Rutgers played the Illini close in the first half, but we had a great showing in the second, winning the game. It was fun getting to watch the game with my dad because hes a huge fan of college football. It was especially great because the team is doing so well this year! Hopefully the Fighting Illini hot-streak continues throughout the rest of the season. Many Other Options Those were some of the things I did, but there is a plethora of other opportunities that you and your dad can experience during dads weekend. There were plenty of other events we would have liked to go to, but its almost impossible to go to them all. Dads weekend is a great time to show your parent(s) around campus after youve been settled in for a while. There are so many opportunities to have fun with your dad, and its a great break from the regular stresses of college. dads weekend football Noah Class of 2023 I’m studying Journalism in the College of Media. I’m from Park Ridge Illinois, about 30 minutes out of Chicago. My posts are to show my freshman experience and how I navigate my first year of college!

Obesity Is A Global Problem - 1150 Words

Obesity is a global problem. The results from population-based studies pooled across countries show an increase in the mean Body Mass Index (BMI) and prevalence of obesity between 1975 and 2014, with a higher increase in women (21.7kg/m2 to 24.2kg/m2 for men and 22.1kg/m2 to 24.4kg/m2 for women). Within the same period, there was also a corresponding increase in life expectancy (59 to 71 years). In the general sense, the increase in BMI and prevalence of obesity should correspond to a decrease in life expectancy. However, the global data shows the reverse, thereby creating the paradox that the world is getting fatter and healthier. The global increase in BMI and obesity varies drastically across countries; more so, the variance is large among several demographic subgroups. For example, low and middle-income countries have higher prevalence of individuals with low BMIs, which has been associated with economic inequalities. The determination of optimum BMI level in studies that associa te BMI with mortality is a controversial issue. Some studies have associated high BMI with reduced mortality. However, these studies use only BMI, which does not account for confounding effects. Whereas, the use of BMI markers considers optimum levels to be low-normal. Pharmacological interventions are being implemented globally as result of adverse metabolic and physiological effects associated with elevated BMI levels. However, these do not address some of the health effects and economicShow MoreRelatedObesity Is A Global Problem2335 Words   |  10 Pagesthe country with the highest rate of obesity in the world. Obesity is a global problem and has become a crucial epidemic, affecting an estimated ten percent children across the world with a significant likelihood of having multiple risk factors and a variety of other co-morbidities before or during early adulthood (Lobstein, 2004). The world especially America is clearly in crisis due to the continuously rise of obesity in an alarming rate. Obesity is a global prevalence, there are physical, psychologicalRead MoreObesity : A Global Problem3403 Words   |  14 Pages2005. At least 20 million children under the age of 5 years are overweight. Obesity of children in the United States has recently skyrocketed in the last decade. Obesity and weight gain have become a global problem, according to the World Health Organization. Encouraging children to maintain a healthy diet and fitness routine will help prevent obesity now and later on in life (Department of Health). The definition of obesity is having an excessive amount of body fat, according to MayoClinic.com andRead MoreObesity Is A Global Problem. Obesity Is Becoming Common,1174 Words   |  5 PagesObesity is a global problem. Obesity is becoming common, costly, and deadly. Nearly 70% of Americans are overweight or obese. Kansas is the 13th most overweight state in the country. â€Å"More than a third of adult residents designated as obese† (Dunn, 2015). The obesity rate in the 45 states that the research was conducted in did not change, but the rate in Kansas raised. â€Å"The Kansas obesity rate has risen every year since the government started collecting data in 1995; back then the obesity rate satRead MoreThe Problem Of The Global Obesity Epidemic Essay928 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of weight is at the forefront of the majority of society’s mind when approached with the abstract idea of what it means to be â€Å"healthy†. It is often viewed as an indicator to determine which people are of good health, and which are not. With obesity rates increasing over the past decade, much fascination surrounds the topic due to the fact that it is believed to be one of the few aspects of health that society may control themselves. While people may not be able to completely control whetherRead MoreObesity : A Growing Global Health Problem1593 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is obesity? It is when someone is so overweight that is a threat to their own health. Today obesity is a growing global health problem among children, teenagers and adults. This is due to over-eating especially when the person is over — eating unhealthy foods and a lack of enough exercise throughout the day. Obesity, is when someone is so overweight that is a threat to their own health. Today obesity is a growing global health problem among children, teenagers and adults. This is due to over-eatingRead MoreObesity Is A Growing Global Health Problem1473 Words   |  6 Pages In America the obesity rates has become a debatable topic. Obesity is a growing global health problem. Obesity is typically results from over-eating and not enough exercise. â€Å"In our modern world with increasingly cheap, high calorie food such as fast food or junk food, natural foods that are high in things like salt, sugars or fat, it is no wonder that obesity has rapidly increased in the last few decades, around the world† (Shah, 2010). Obesity rates have reached a constant level in January 2010Read MoreGlobal Obesity Is Becoming An Alarming Problem Within The 21st Century1891 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The rising global obesity is becoming an alarming problem within the 21st century. Adult obesity has increased 10% over the past twenty years with 62% of the English population deemed to be over weight (HSCIC, 2015). In the same report, HSCIC stated hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of obesity were 5 times higher today than over the previous 10 years displaying the impact the prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities is having, putting growing pressure on theRead MoreObesity : A Major Public Health And Economic Problem Of Global Significance Essay1881 Words   |  8 Pages]Introduction Obesity is a major public health and economic problem of global significance that affects the quality of life, increases the risk of illness, and raises health-care costs. It is a chronic inflammatory state with resultant effects on immune, metabolic, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematologic, and renal function period. Obesity- related comorbidities include type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and sleep apnea. Obese individuals also experience emotionalRead MoreObesity : The Current State Of Obesity1518 Words   |  7 Pagesstate of obesity in the United States is a greater than that of other countries who live healthier lifestyles. Living healthy lifestyles is a great goal for a country to look towards achieving, and encouraging these lifestyles can benefit the country as well as the people. There are a lot of benefits for living healthy lifestyles, while there are also many negatives to living an unhealthy lifestyle. Taxing fatty foods would h elp to encourage buying healthy foods, and it could reduce obesity rates inRead MoreObesity Is A Threat For Global Health1724 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Obesity is a major disease which has become a global problem, there are more than 250 million people have body mass index more 30. Obesity is being major concern of the people as it leads to stroke and heart attack. This figure is being spread worldwide thus this has become of the major concerned for world health. The prevalence of the concerned disease is high in number around the world. This disease has become concern of both developing and developed countries which has raised the

Malleus Maleficarum, the Medieval Witch Hunter Book

The Malleus Maleficarum, a Latin book written in 1486 and 1487, is also known as The Hammer of Witches. This is a translation of the title. Authorship of the book is credited to two German Dominican monks, Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger. The two were also theology professors. Sprengers role in writing the book is now thought by some scholars to have been largely symbolic rather than active. The Malleus Maleficarum was not the only document about witchcraft written in the medieval period, but it was the best-known of the time. Because it came so soon after Gutenbergs printing revolution, it was more widely distributed than previous hand-copied manuals. The Malleus Maleficarum came at a peak point in European witchcraft accusations and executions. It was a foundation for treating witchcraft not as a superstition, but as a dangerous and heretical practice of associating with the Devil — and therefore, a great danger to society and to the church. The Witches Hammer During the 9th through 13th centuries, the church had established and enforced penalties for witchcraft. Originally, these were based on the churchs assertion that witchcraft was a superstition. Thus, belief in witchcraft was not in accord with the churchs theology. This associated witchcraft with heresy. The Roman Inquisition was established in the 13th century to find and punish heretics, seen as undermining the churchs official theology and therefore a threat to the very foundations of the church. At about that same time, secular law became involved in prosecutions for witchcraft. The Inquisition helped to codify both church and secular laws on the subject and began to determine which authority, secular or church, had responsibility for which offenses. Prosecutions for witchcraft, or Maleficarum, were prosecuted primarily under secular laws in Germany and France in the 13th century, and in Italy in the 14th. Papal Support In about 1481, Pope Innocent VIII heard from the two German monks. The communication described cases of witchcraft theyd encountered and complained that church authorities were not sufficiently cooperative with their investigations. Several popes before Innocent VIII, notably John XXII and Eugenius IV, had written or taken action on witches. Those popes were concerned with heresies and other beliefs and activities contrary to church teachings that were thought to undermine those teachings. After Innocent VIII received the communication from the German monks, he issued a papal bull in 1484 that gave full authority to the two inquisitors, threatening with excommunication or other sanctions any who molested or hindered in any manner their work. This bull, called Summus desiderantes affectibus (desiring with supreme ardor) from its opening words, put the pursuit of witches clearly in the neighborhood of pursuing heresy and promoting the Catholic faith. This threw the weight of the whole church behind the witch hunts. It also strongly argued that witchcraft was heresy not because it was a superstition, but because it represented a different kind of heresy. Those practicing witchcraft, the book argued, made agreements with the Devil and cast harmful spells. New Handbook for Witch Hunters Three years after the papal bull was issued, the two inquisitors, Kramer and possibly Sprenger, produced a new handbook for inquisitors on the subject of witches. Their title was Malleus Maleficarum. The word Maleficarum means harmful magic, or witchcraft, and this manual was to be used to hammer out such practices. The Malleus Maleficarum documented beliefs about witches and then enumerated ways to identify witches, convict them of the charge of witchcraft, and execute them for the crime. The book was divided into three sections. The first was to answer skeptics who thought that witchcraft was just a superstition, a view shared by some previous popes. This part of the book attempted to prove that the practice of witchcraft was real and that those practicing witchcraft really did make agreements with the Devil and cause harm to others. Beyond that, the section asserts that not believing in witchcraft is itself heresy. The second section sought to prove that real harm was caused by Maleficarum. The third section was a manual for the procedures to investigate, arrest, and punish witches. Women and Midwives The manual charges that witchcraft was mostly found among women. The manual bases this on  the idea that both good and evil in women tend to be extreme. After providing many stories of womens vanity, tendency toward lying, and weak intellect, the inquisitors also allege that a womans lust is at the basis of all witchcraft, thus making witch accusations also sexual accusations. Midwives are especially singled out as wicked for their supposed ability to prevent conception or terminate a pregnancy by deliberate miscarriage. They also claim midwives tend to eat infants, or, with live births, offer children to devils. The manual asserts that witches make a formal pact with the Devil, and copulate with incubi, a form of devils who have the appearance of life through aerial bodies. It also asserts that witches can possess another persons body. Another assertion is that witches and devils can make male sexual organs disappear. Many of their sources of evidence for the weakness or wickedness of wives are, with unintentional irony, pagan writers like Socrates, Cicero, and Homer. They also drew heavily on writings of Jerome, Augustine, and Thomas of Aquinas. Procedures for Trials and Executions The third part of the book deals with the goal of exterminating witches through trial and execution. The detailed guidance given was designed to separate false accusations from truthful ones, always assuming that witchcraft and harmful magic really existed, rather than being a superstition. It also assumed that such witchcraft did real harm to individuals and undermined the church as a kind of heresy. One concern was about witnesses. Who could be witnesses in a witchcraft case? Among those who could not be witnesses were quarrelsome women, presumably to avoid charges from those known to pick fights with neighbors and family. Should the accused be informed of who had testified against them? The answer was no if there was a danger to the witnesses, but that the identity of witnesses should be known to the prosecuting lawyers and the judges. Was the accused to have an advocate? An advocate could be appointed for the accused, though witness names could be withheld from the advocate. It was the judge, not the accused, who selected the advocate. The advocate was charged with being both truthful and logical. Examinations and Signs Detailed directions were given for examinations. One aspect was a physical examination, looking for any instrument of witchcraft, which included marks on the body. It was assumed most of the accused would be women, for the reasons given in the first section. The women were to be stripped in their cells by other women, and examined for any instrument of witchcraft. Hair was to be shaved from their bodies so that devils marks could be seen more easily. How much hair was shaved varied. These instruments could include both physical objects concealed, and also bodily marks. Beyond such instruments, there were other signs by which, the manual claimed, a witch could be identified. For example, being unable to weep under torture or when before a judge was a sign of being a witch. There were references to the inability to drown or burn a witch who still had any objects of witchcraft concealed or who were under the protection of other witches. Thus, tests were justified to see if a woman could be drowned or burned. If she could be drowned or burned, she might be innocent. If she could not be, she was probably guilty. If she did drown or was successfully burned, while that might be a sign of her innocence, she was not alive to enjoy the exoneration. Confessing Witchcraft Confessions were central to the process of investigating and trying suspected witches, and made a difference in the outcome for the accused. A witch could only be executed by the church authorities if she herself confessed, but she could be questioned and even tortured with the aim of getting a confession. A witch who confessed quickly was said to have been abandoned by the Devil, and those who kept a stubborn silence had the Devils protection. They were said to be more tightly bound to the Devil. Torture was seen as, essentially, an exorcism. It was to be frequent and often, to proceed from gentle to harsh. If the accused witch confessed under torture, however, she must also confess later while not being tortured for the confession to be valid. If the accused continued to deny being a witch, even with torture, the church could not execute her. However, they could turn her over after a year or so to secular authorities — who often had no such limitations. After confessing, if the accused then also renounced all heresy, the church could permit the penitent heretic to avoid a death sentence. Implicating Others The prosecutors had permission to promise an unconfessed witch her life if she provided evidence of other witches. This would produce more cases to investigate. Those she implicated would then be subject to investigation and trial, on the assumption that the evidence against them might have been a lie. But the prosecutor, in giving such a promise of her life, explicitly did not have to tell her the whole truth: that she could not be executed without a confession. The prosecution also did not have to tell her that she could be imprisoned for life on bread and water after implicating others, even if she did not confess — or that secular law, in some locales, could still execute her. Other Advice and Guidance The manual included specific advice to judges on how to protect themselves from the spells of witches, under the obvious assumption that they would worry about becoming targets if they prosecuted witches. Specific language was given to be used by the judges in a trial. To ensure that others cooperated in investigations and prosecutions, penalties and remedies were listed for those who directly or indirectly obstructed an investigation. These penalties for the uncooperative included excommunication. If the lack of cooperation was persistent, those who obstructed an investigation faced condemnation as heretics themselves. If those obstructing the witch hunts did not repent, they could be turned over to secular courts for punishment. After Publication There had been such handbooks before, but none with the scope or with such papal backing as this one. While the supporting papal bull was limited to southern Germany and Switzerland, in 1501 Pope Alexander VI issued a new papal bull. The cum acceperimus authorized an inquisitor in Lombardy to pursue witches, broadening the authority of witch hunters. The manual was used by both Catholics and Protestants. Although widely consulted, it was never given the official imprimatur of the Catholic church. Although publication was aided by Gutenbergs invention of movable type, the manual itself was not in continuous publication. When witchcraft prosecutions increased in some areas, the wider publication of the Malleus Maleficarum followed.

Queer Theology Free Essays

Queer theology Definition Queer is by definition whatever is at odds with the normal, the legitimate, the dominant. There is nothing in particular to which it necessarily refers. It is an identity without an essence. We will write a custom essay sample on Queer Theology or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘Queer’ then, demarcates not a positivity but a positionality vis-a-vis the normative A â€Å"pro-feminist gay theology† was proposed by J. M. Clark and G. McNeil in 1992, and a â€Å"queer theology† by  Robert Goss  in  Jesus acted up: A gay and lesbian manifesto  ( Explain two of the main contributors to feminist theology Elizabeth Stuart (born 1963) Professor Stuart was consecrated as a Bishop in the Open Episcopal Church (a small, independent grouping within the United Kingdom). In 2006 she became Archbishop of the Province of Great Britain and Ireland of the Liberal Catholic Church International. Her published works include: * Gay and Lesbian Theologies: Repetitions and Critical Difference * Just Good Friends: Towards a Lesbian and Gay Theology of Relationships * Daring to Speak Love’s Name * Religion is a Queer Thing * Lesbian and Gay Theologies: Repetitions with Critical Difference Prof Gerard Loughlin Gerard Loughlin  BA MA (Wales) PhD (Cambridge) is Professor of Theology and Religion at the  University of Durham,  England. He is the  author  of  Telling God’s Story: Bible Church and Narrative Theology  (Cambridge University Press 1996) and  Alien Sex: The Body and Desire in Cinema and Theology  (Blackwell 2004). These works show Stuart moving from a liberationist approach to an approach grounded in queer theory. She now argues that gender and sexuality are not matters of ultimate theological concerns and that the Christian duty is to refuse to work theologically with such categories. His work included: the relationship between God and Israel: Husband to wife. Jesus to the Church, Husband to wife. The Church includes BOTH genders. Therefore man to man in matrimony. He believes that the Church is looking at this in a symbolic way rather than facing up to the fact that it is what God/ Jesus wants. He talks of the love between Jesus and his disciples ‘John of Zebedee left his wife/wife to be to follow Jesus whom he loved! ’ There is a question over WHO got married at the Wedding in Cana- was it his disciples? Two men? John and Jesus are said to be ‘symbolically married’. He believes that this is significant when discussing gender roles and biology. A ‘natural kind’ of marriage –woman and man- is a ‘fantasy’ and not realistic. The use of ‘queer’ used to be an insult. It should now offer a sense of pride to Gay people. Is queer theology rooted in the bible It is rooted in the bible as it believes the fundamental concepts of Christian theology – e. g. trinity, Jesus and his resurrection etc It is not rooted in the bible as Scripture begins and ends with the picture of marriage as an institution ordained by God – designed for the union of a man and a woman in a life-long, faithful, covenantal relationship. This view is affirmed by Moses, Christ and Paul, and has been upheld through thousands of years of Judeo Christian history and tradition. Pro-gay revisionists usually do not even attempt to address God’s created intent for human sexuality, but instead twist Scripture and argue against those texts which condemn same-sex behaviour. Link five teachings from the bible that support queer theology * The argument that if God’s presence and gifts of love are manifest in a gay-affirming church and in homosexual relationships, it is evidence that God accepts and blesses homosexual behaviour. The argument that â€Å"I’m a born-again believer and I’m gay, therefore homosexuality must be okay† is * The argument that Jesus said nothing about homosexuality in the gospels * Bible translators mistranslated five references to sexual ethics in two different testaments of Scripture. And there is also a possibility that they only mistranslated Scriptures regarding homos exual behaviour. * References to God condemning homosexual behaviour is directed to homosexual prostitutes not to homosexuals as a whole * Love between Jesus and his disciples ‘John of Zebedee left his wife/wife to be to follow Jesus whom he loved! John and Jesus are said to be ‘symbolically married * There is a question over WHO got married at the Wedding in Cana- was it his disciples? Two men? How does queer theology link with liberation theology? Queer Theology is grounded in Liberation Theology that respects the experiences of those who have been systematically alienated and abused by the traditional religious establishment. It is imperative that lesbian and gay Christians embrace the hermeneutics of suspicion and interpret scriptures accordingly. The queer Christian community must live within church structures in light of being a part of the underside of society. A large part of the mission of Queer Spirituality is to challenge doctrinal and theological imperialism that has infiltrated many churches. Queer Theology has no choice but to help build the Reign of God by seeking to destroy unjust and oppressive ecclesial structures and teachings. Queer Spirituality has no choice but to fight the battle for God’s justice with righteous anger and speak the truth in the mist of adversity and strife. Queer Theology must work for freedom and liberation by waging a spiritual battle against domination, control, power, and abuse of church authority by confronting distorted beliefs about lesbian and gay Christians. Queer Spirituality is a call to reject churches that hijack human dignity and freedom in the name of religion. Queer Theology can only embrace a spirituality that cultivates honesty, healing, affection, compassion, and justice. Queer Spirituality can only be authentic when seeking to cast out the demons of poverty, injustice, racism, violence, prejudice, exploitation, or homophobia in any form — whether they are within us, our government, or our churches. While formulating a Queer Spirituality, lesbian and gay Christians need to dig deep into, appreciate, and learn from a noble and splendid Hebrew-Christian heritage. Queer Christians must draw from this heritage the strength to believe that the God of compassion and mercy always conquers and triumphs over the evil of homophobia, hatred, and bigotry. Queer theology basics conclusion – * Queer theologians wanted to construct a theology which came directly from their own context * ‘queering’ involves a re- interpretation and definition of our language and practices from the perspective of homosexual people * Queer theology is closely related to philosophical and socio political movement of queer studies How to cite Queer Theology, Papers

Wearable Technologies In Health Care Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Wearable Technologies In Health Care. Answer: Introduction Wearables in healthcare are the devices which have evolved all the way and it has now become more personal. The wearable devices can now monitor the steps, sleep, activity level, body fat. A literature review is conducted which will take in to account the challenges posed by these wearable devices and what are the potential impacts of wearing the wearable healthcare technologies. The main work is conducted through the secondary research and online databases are used explicitly for the literature review. Objectives The deliverables of the literature review are based on the wearable technologies in healthcare are as follows: The application of the wearable technologies in surgeries and its positive impacts on the surgical patients. Role of the wearable technologies in the respiratory disease and health. The impact of the wearable technologies on the management of the osteoarthritis which is based on the psychosocial factors. The challenges posed by the wearable technologies. The challenges and the potentialities of the wearable technologies in the medical and the healthcare arenas. The implications of the wearable technologies in the healthcare industry. The objectives of the literature review are to gain an insight into the positive impacts if the wearable technology on the specific type of patients affected by respiratory diseases, had undergone surgery, and in osteoarthritis management. The additional discussion will be based on objectives like challenges posed by the wearable technologies, potentialities of the technology. Methods Evidence review- the framework for analysis included the search strategies that were utilized for the search of the articles and journals. Different databases like the PubMed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect is used to conduct a search of the articles. The searches were based on the keywords like wearable technologies in healthcare, various challenges posed by the wearable technologies, potentialities of the wearable technology. Inclusion criteria- the articles and the journals are selected based on the proper title of the articles and the abstract clearly describes the paper, in brief, highlighting vital points. Exclusion criteria- articles and the journals that lack a proper title and abstract. Titles that deviated from the main scope of the study are not selected for this literature review. Project- The project management tool identified for this study is the online Gantt Chart that provides the flexibility of assigning the tasks and also viewing the progress of the task in real time. The major risks identified for this project are the scheduling risks and performance risks. Such risks can be dealt only by proper time management and close watch on the progress of the project. Research study- The study was designed on the lines of the benefits of the usage of the wearable technologies in healthcare. The data were collected from the secondary researches. The tools that were used for the conduct of the study are the normal Microsoft excel in order to analyse the data and give a visual presentation. Scope The scope of the study is based on the certain aspects of the search that was previously conducted during the search of the literature. The search criteria are totally based on the aspects that promoted the positive effects and the benefits of using the wearable technology. Inclusion criteria- the articles are selected based specific criteria like what benefits the wearable technologies pose to the people that had undergone surgery. The role played by the wearable technologies in the patients that have respiratory diseases; the impact of the wearable technologies on the management of certain diseases like osteoarthritis that are explicitly based on the psychosocial technologies; the potentialities that the wearable technologies have on the healthcare and the medical arena; the implications of the wearable technologies on the healthcare industry. Exclusion criteria- wearable technologies are plenty on the market and while conducting a search for the articles and journals, a huge number of search results showed up including the general wearable technologies. Wearable technologies that play a major role in healthcare are considered for the study. Wearable technologies and its connection with the software, hardware and internet are excluded from the study. The wearable technologies its market share along with the effect on the consumers are also excluded from the study. Results The wearable technologies that are used in surgical practices can be differentiated into several types based on its roles: assessment, augmentation, assistance. Assistance can be referred to the usage of the wearable technologies that act as a substitute for the several physical tasks in the surgical practice. The tasks can be like having a sterile environment in the clinic. A perfect example of such a wearable device can be arm mounted PACS system controlled by an arm mounted device. This device actively helps in cross-sectional imaging view at the time of surgery without compromising the sterility. Augmentation describes the real-time collection of the data and transferring the same to a surgeon (Slade Shantz, Veillette, 2014). The form of the information can be biometric data, clinical data or instrument data. In practice such technologies take the form of a heads-up display which helps in performing a surgery. Assessment can be described as the usage of the wearable technology f or the purpose of the measurement of the severity of a disease and the clinical outcomes. These technologies can be actively used in surgical education. The assessment via the wearable technology has already posed to be beneficial in tracking the stroke recovery and monitoring a lung disease. The physiological responses are actively measured via the responses of the educators and the learners in order to understand the stressors that are present in the environment (Slade Shantz, Veillette, 2014). In the arena of healthcare and especially in the respiratory assessment different types of the wearable devices and the provide the vital information regarding the respiratory function of a patient along with the environmental information. The wearable technologies provide information based on arterial oxygen saturation, breathing pattern, respiratory rate and minute ventilation, air quality and activity (figure 1) (Aliverti, 2017). Figure 1: patient monitoring system through the wearable sensors The health monitoring systems measure both the short-term and the long-term events that are occurring in the body. The wearable systems provide the real-time data of the patient and the medical staff. This information provides vital information regarding the post-operative solutions and rehabilitation so that the recovery can be quickened especially for the elders. This is useful for monitoring the patients that reside in the rural areas and the cities. The benefits are that it reduces the work pressure of the healthcare providers; improves the comfort of the patient; reduces the cost of the healthcare services, increases the efficiency (Aliverti, 2017). A qualitative study was designed along with a focus group suffering from osteoarthritis, the data collected from the patients are analysed through a framework methodology. In this study, 21 patients participated that had knee arthritis and they belong from London. The age group of the people is 45 to 65 years and are segregated into 4 different focus groups. The whole study was performed in a university setting. The responses and the perspectives of the patient were collected and it reflected that the patients had benefitted from the usage of the wearable technologies. The wearables helped in the management of the osteoarthritis. It was found from the study that the wearables had helped the patients in controlling the condition, and providing an awareness in terms of their progress and in better patient-clinician communication (figure 2) (Belsi, Papi McGregor, 2016). The technologies used in the wearable technologies have evolved it has been made possible only through the convergence of the technology and the physiology. The technologies involved in the system are the software technology, data analysis technology, micro-electromechanical technology and the sensor technology. There are, however, certain issues that arise from the various challenges like the breach in the security of the data, privacy. The other issues that can arise are the inaccuracy of the sensors, and the identification of the customer needs (Kim Choi, 2016). The challenges posed by the wearable technologies is the price of such devices and is one of the biggest due to high prices of the wearables. For example, the google glass had a cost of around 1500 dollars. The other challenges faced by these wearables is the infancy of the technology and there are many cases of disruptions that had made the technology a bit unreliable. Although the technology is promising and there is a big chance in the future the technology will evolve to a great extent (Sultan, 2015). The wearable device manufacturers and the vendors are fully self-regulated and its operation is free from any control of FDA or MHRA in US and UK respectively. One of the biggest issues is that the manufacturers employ wrong procedures when they bring out software updates of the healthcare wearables. This leads to the integration of the bugs and the into the exiting software products and impacts the efficiency and usefulness of the product (Erdmier, Hatcher Lee, 2016). Discussion From the conduct of the literature review, it can be found that the wearable technology in healthcare is one of the greatest inventions of the decade. The invention of the gadgets that are portable enough has facilitated various companies to innovate products that can effectively measure and track the health of a person. These gadgets are so small that they are pocketable and even can be worn in an attire. These healthcare wearables come with the sensor technologies that can measure a rate of breathing, heart rate, blood pressure and at the same time can measure external environmental conditions. Often the outside environmental conditions affect the health of a person and with the help of these wearables, the health status can be actively tracked and measured. The usage of the wearables during the surgeries provide a novel way to reduce any kind of cross-contamination. These wearables help in maintaining a sterile condition during the conduct of a surgery and at the same time assist in monitoring and tracking the health conditions of a patient. The important questions that were raised during the conduct of the literature review are that whether the wearable technologies in healthcare do pose any benefit for the patients. The research conducted by the Belsi, Papi McGregor (2016) has revealed that the usage of the of wearable technologies had a positive effect on the patients and they were recovering fast after the usage of wearables. The other questions that were found to be during the conduct of the literature review are the effectivity of the wearable technologies. According to a study by Erdmier, Hatcher Lee (2016), it has been found that companies sometimes through their unplanned software updates reduces the working ability of the wearables. The bugs in the software update reduce the effective tracking monitoring and tracking. The areas where the further research on the wearable technology is required is a raw comparison between the performance of the wearable technologies with the conventional monitoring and the tracking system in healthcare. This can be done in order to analyse and measure the extent to which the sensors are with respect to the conventional monitoring and tracking technologies. Other researches can also be conducted into areas to understand how the wearable technology can be made effective in the future and how better can it be made. Conclusion Thus, from the above study, it can be concluded that the usage of the wearables in healthcare can be effectively used for active monitoring and tracking personal healthcare. There are different types of gadgets that help in tracking both the external environment and the internal environment. The wearable technologies can track and monitor heartbeat, blood pressure and rate of breathing. The technologies are still in the nascent stage and it will still require major upgradations and evolution in order to increase the effectivity of these devices. References Aliverti, A. (2017). Wearable technology: role in respiratory health and disease. Breathe, 13(2), e27. Belsi, A., Papi, E., McGregor, A. H. (2016). Impact of wearable technology on psychosocial factors of osteoarthritis management: a qualitative study. BMJ open, 6(2), e010064. Erdmier, C., Hatcher, J., Lee, M. (2016). Wearable device implications in the healthcare industry. Journal of medical engineering technology, 40(4), 141-148. Kim, W., Choi, J. (2016). Challenges for wearable healthcare services. International Journal of Web and Grid Services, 12(4), 407-417. Slade Shantz, J. A., Veillette, C. J. (2014). The application of wearable technology in surgery: ensuring the positive impact of the wearable revolution on surgical patients. Frontiers in surgery, 1, 39. Sultan, N. (2015). Reflective thoughts on the potential and challenges of wearable technology for healthcare provision and medical education. International Journal of Information Management, 35(5), 521-526.

Backflush Accounting Essay Example

Backflush Accounting Paper With backflush accounting, costs are flushed out at the end of a process rather than being done sequentially through the process. Thus, no accounting entries are made during the process. Debits and credits are allocated appropriately after the process is complete. Thus, there are no complex work-in-process/work-in-progress (WIP) entries. Backflush accounting is automated, with a computer handling all transactions. The backflush formula is: How: In traditional accounting methods, there is a sequential tracking of goods through the entire process. Along with this tracking is a debit and credit at each stage. As the backflush system does the books at the end of the process, it is only appropriate in a just-in-time system whereby goods arrive at the facility only as required and are processed immediately. We will write a custom essay sample on Backflush Accounting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Backflush Accounting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Backflush Accounting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The assumption is thus that there is no inventory at the start of the process. Additionally, as products are used immediately the assumption is that there is no work-in-progress. This means that companies using this method must manufacture only products with relatively short through-put times as products which remain as WIPs for long periods of time would not be accounted for. Finally, it is assumed that there is no inventory at the end of the process. Since no inventory is being accounted at the beginning of the process, during or at the end, it must be assumed that there is no stock of finished goods. Traditional Costing: Backflush Costing: Advantages: Using the backflush accounting method has the inherent advantage of reducing time and cost which associated with complex cost allocation. As the costing is done once, simply at the end, as opposed to throughout the process, its done only once as opposed to traditional methods which would have costing continue throughout. The system results in fewer records/entries resulting in less opportunity for error. This could be refuted as more entries could provide balances and checks. Nevertheless, the system is undoubtedly simpler as it has no WIPs. Furthermore, the adage that inventory has no value until it is sold holds true in this system. Although there is a dollar figure attached to raw material, WIPs and finished goods, the true value cannot be ascertained until sold. Raw materials and WIPs may not be easily sold if the company needed to liquidate. Attaching a true figure to damages or losses can be cumbersome and arbitrary until the end of the process. Even finished goods ready for sale may not yield the dollar value the company hopes. Thus, the only true known value is that affixed to a sold product. Disadvantages: Backflush accounting can only be used with a set and predictable process. The system cannot account for fluctuations in inventory or else it would be essential to go back and value it at different stage in the process. Prices and usage (or sales) must also be consistent. Any changes would require going back to adjust to true cost. As noted above, production must equal sales. Otherwise, there would be unaccounted for inventory in the form of finished goods. More pragmatically, the inventory would need to be accounted for in a way that this system doesnt allow. One of the most crucial disadvantages is that backflush accounting cannot be used for external reporting, except in very exceptional circumstances. The key fundamental reason for this is that inventory needs to be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value in accordance with the conservatism principle. Backflush accounting doesnt and cant do this. Moreover, its crucial that companies using backflush accounting maintain rigid cost control. There is no way for this system to account for fluctuations. Clearly, maintaining such strict control is difficult to impossible for most companies. Although they can enter into a contract with suppliers, there are still contingencies that may need to be accounted for. Another drawback is that detailed information for management purposes may not be available where needed, and the production control therefore needs to be stronger. Thus, although backflush saves time for accounting professionals, it may imply extra effort and time for logistics management to provide accurate production count. Given the inherent difficulty in this system, backflush accounting does not strictly adhere to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for external reporting. Just in Time (JIT) and Backflush Accounting: The JIT production method, which was developed by Taichii Ohno at Toyota is an efficiency system used (most typically) in manufacturing or production settings. The system strives to attain a high return on investment by reducing in-process inventory and associated carrying costs. Another key factor in JIT, although it isnt entirely relevant from an accounting perspective, is the focus on continuous improvement. Some key benefits of Just in Time are as follows: 1. reduction of inventories 2. improvement in quality 3. shorter lead times 4. lower production costs 5. increased productivity 6. increased machine utilization 7. greater flexibility To illustrate how Toyota applies JIT production to their daily operations we have laid out the following sequence of activities: 1. When a vehicle order is received, a production instruction must be issued to the beginning of the vehicle production line as soon as possible. 2. The assembly line must be stocked with required number of all needed parts so that any type of ordered vehicle can be assembled. 3. The assembly line must replace the parts used by retrieving the same number of parts from the parts-producing process (the preceding process). 4. The preceding process must be stocked with small numbers of all types of parts and produce only the numbers of parts that were retrieved by an operator from the next process. Toyota JIT manufacturing practice shows us that it enables purchasing, production, and sales to occur in quick order with stock being maintained at minimum levels. The absence of stock renders decisions regarding cost-flow assumptions (such as weighted average or first-in, first-out) or stock costing methods (such as absorption or marginal costing) unimportant. This is because all of the manufacturing costs attributable to a period go directly into cost of goods sold. Job costing is simplified by the rapid transmission of direct materials into finished goods that are then sold immediately. We can say that the absence of stocks makes choices about stock valuation systems unnecessary and the rapid conversion of direct material into cost of goods sold simplifies accounting system. Therefore the implementation of JIT will cause a change in the accounting system of Toyota and prompt for backflush accounting use. Why? This is because traditional management accounting techniques are inappropriate due to their incompatibility for use in conjunction with JIT operations. For example, traditional variance analysis focuses on maximizing capacity utilization while attempting to minimize costs. The reduction of costs will always remain an important consideration. However, with the focus has shifted to value appreciation while attempting to minimize costs. Management is therefore required to provide financial and non-financial information regarding supplier performance, on-time deliveries, cycle times, and the number of defective items manufactured. These new requirements for management information have necessitated changes in the processes and accounting methods in order to enable the provision of such information. This explains the growth in the application of backflush accounting systems that are used to support JIT operations. Besides, Backflush accounting system simplifies the accounting records by avoiding the need to follow the movement of materials and work-in-progress through the manufacturing process within the organisation. Difference between GAAP and JIT accounting There are several areas in which throughput accounting varies from GAAP. The most important issue is that GAAP requires that overhead cost be allocated to inventory, which in turn may or may not be charged to expenses in the current period. This is done under the assumption that operating expenses incurred during the current period are related to any inventory produced during that period, and so can be associated with the inventory until such time as it is sold. Thus GAAP clearly states that overhead must be allocated to inventory and the failure to do so is not acceptable. Throughput accounting takes the opposite stance that overhead costs are not related to inventory in any way, and so should not be allocated to inventory. Instead operating expenses represent the cost of production capacity during a period of time, and should be charged to expense during that period. There is another underlying difference between the two systems that is somewhat less obvious. GAAP accounting assumes that both the inventory held in storage and the overhead cost allocated to it are valuable company assets only to be charged to expense when the inventory is sold. Under throughput accounting the preference is to avoid the production of excess inventory because it represents an immediate use of cash (for the materials contained within the inventory) requires additional storage expenses, and can lose its value over time because of damage or obsolescence. Thus, throughput accounting assumes that inventory is to be avoided, which is common characteristic of liability. Another difference between the systems is the treatment of direct labour expenses. Under GAAP, direct labour assumes to be directly related to the incremental production of inventory, and its cost is therefore assigned to inventory. This means that, as was the case with overhead costs, direct labour can be stored as an asset across multiple accounting periods. Conclusion Toyota had to switch from traditional accounting system to backflush accounting system due to the fact that Toyota adopted the principles and practices of JIT system and because the traditional accounting system conflicted with the JIT initiatives. Toyota with its adopted JIT system was facing problems in regards to traditional costing and accounting methods because it was designed primarily to satisfy the financial accounting requirements for inventory valuation and as a result are not appropriate for performance measurement and operational control. Thus there was a need to align cost management and accounting methods with JIT thinking. To do so Toyota chose to use backflush accounting which is ideally suited to JIT thinking. Backflush costing is most appropriate only when used to complement a JIT inventory management system. This is because as we stated before backflush accounting simplifies the costing process in these situations. However, we should also keep in mind that such acc ounting practice doesnt conform to GAAP and this can be criticized because it doesnt leave sequential auditing.

Writing An Effective Fiction Query

Writing An Effective Fiction Query Writing An Effective Fiction Query Writing An Effective Fiction Query By Maeve Maddox Id rather write a 60,000 word novel than a one-page query letter, but I know that a query letter is my chief tool for winning the attention of a literary agent. Here are some things to consider when pitching your novel in a query letter. Keep It Brief One page is best. Two pages are acceptable unless the agents guidelines ask for one page. Then it had better be one page. Using 8-point type to fit more on a page is not an option. Use at a minimum 10-point type in a standard font such as Times or Times Roman. Bookman is good, but keep in mind that 10-point Bookman is larger than 10-point Times. NOTE: Many editors and agents prefer manuscripts to be typed in 12-point Courier. Thats what I said, COURIER, the font that looks like old-fashioned typewriter type. Keep it Professional Some agents accept email submissions, but they will not accept attachments. That means everything you send must be dumped into an email. Unless the agent specifies email submissions only, I prefer to send my query packet the old-fashioned way so I can control the formatting and presentation. Letterhead: With a computer you can make your own letterhead, but if you send a lot of queries, you might want to treat yourself to a professional print job on quality paper. Even if you make your own letterhead, use quality paper for the query you send, and not the cheap copy paper you use for drafts. Content: In a query letter you have about five paragraphs with which to pitch your project. The agent doesnt want to know how much your mother likes your book, or how many cats you have. The agent wants to know: 1. What the genre of your novel is, its title, its word length, and the gist of the story. 2. Why you are competent to have written it. Observe my choice of tense here (to have written): if your project is a novel, dont query an agent until the novel is as complete and as error-free as you can make it and has been critiqued by at least three competent fellow writers from your writers group. You dont belong to a writers group? Why not? 3. Your writing background and experience. If you dont have any published writing to mention, then include some other indication of your professionalism: writing conferences attended, writing courses taken. If you have absolutely zilch, remain silent on the subject. Your writing will have to speak for you. 3. How they can contact you if they are interested. Believe it or not, some people send queries and even entire manuscripts to agents without including a return address. Keep it on a Rational Plane Avoid being either arrogant or subservient. Dont announce that your novel is the next DaVinci Code or that you write better than Toni Morrison. On the other hand, dont whine about how little youve had published, or how deeply, earnestly, eternally grateful youll be for the agents consideration. After you have provided a brief synopsis of your project (paragraphs 1 and 2), an indication of your novels genre and length (paragraph 3), some information about yourself and your writing credentials (paragraph 4), close the letter with a final paragraph in which you thank the agent, offer to send your completed manuscript, and sign off. If you are sending queries to several agents, you may wish to tell the agent that your query is a simultaneous submission. NOTE: Before writing your query, while writing your query, and after having written your query, study the agents submission guidelines. Make triple-sure that your query conforms to them, and that you have spelled the agents name correctly. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Precedent vs. Precedence90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

Reaction paper combining two related internet stories Essay

Reaction paper combining two related internet stories - Essay Example Apparently, some truths just come out after mankind has suffered from so much pain. While the crimes of the Holocaust did create emotional scars on the survivors and taught the world an important lesson about racism, it is also important to investigate what triggered such horrible event. The Jewish Declaration of War on Germany in 1933 is a crucial event in history because we all know that wars don’t just happen overnight. Before war happens, certain circumstances happen on the background that creates much tension. First, the move of Jews on the United States that called for a boycott of German goods was politically motivated, a propaganda to make Jews return to their land by creating fear. Second, even the Jewish Central Association located in Germany disproved the propaganda that they were maltreated by the Germans. Lastly, Germany was financially weak at the time due to a hyperinflation; hence, war would be the last thing they would eventually call for. Sometimes, a nation takes actions with grave consequences when they are pushed to the wall. Indeed, there was not much choice given to the Germans whose acts of defense escalated into a full-blown genocide. However, who can really attest to the truth when both sides have their own interests? The other reading that really struck me was Benjamin Freedman’s speech about the role of Jews in WWI and WWII.

Google Analytics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Google Analytics - Research Paper Example Based on these information and data, businesses of any size, are able to attract more visitors online, convert prospective visitors into clients, thereby are able to have very high return on investment (ROI). Google analytics can be safely labelled as a powerful web based analytical tool that sanctions marketers across the world to have easy access to web analytics, which in turn can help them create better advertisements and build superior websites catering to the customers’ needs. The most important aspect of the tool is that it comes totally free from Google with the same operating features and platform, thus enabling easy installations and constant support on hand. (Watrall & Siarto. 2009) 1. Track the advertising ROI: This feature enables the marketer to start off by setting the goals he would like to achieve and then track the conversions against the defined goals. GA has been integrated with companies like AdWorld and Adsense , which in turn provide the marketer with in-depth data and metrics. These can be used towards a better understanding of the client requirements. (Clifton, 2010) 2. Multimedia tracking: GA enables the marketer to collect usage metrics by tracking mobile phone websites, web enabled devices, search engines and social networking sites. The data is used towards better consumer understanding and impacts the conversion rates. 3. Personalized report generator: this advanced feature allows the marketer to segregate, analyse, track data discrepancies and generate tailor-made or customised reports. It also has options like the Dashboard which can store relevant info and can be accessed easily without the hassle of going through too many reports. GA has the ability to export data using Data export application. 4. Easy sharing of data: GA facilitates uncomplicated and trouble free information and data sharing within the organization or relevant groups while

Autonomous Learner Characteristics

Autonomous Learner Characteristics INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Looking back in time, English language were used once during the Cambodian Republic Regime (1970 1975), but thereafter, English was completely banned during the Genocidal Regime of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge; in 1993, for the first National Election in Cambodia, English language emerged again in this country with the arrival of United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) (Narith, 2008). Since then the popularity of English language has gradually grown among Cambodian people. According to Crystal (1997) indicates that English language gains its popularity in the world due to political power, military power and economic power. In Cambodia, because of local and international business, international non-governmental organizations, job requirements, consumerism, computers and mass media, young people are encouraged to learn English as a foreign language (Narith, 2008). Further, Igawa (2008) studies about English language and its education in Cambodia states that communicat ive competence in English means a better job and a better pay for Cambodian people. That is why English language is encouraged and promoted to learn. Concerning English language learning, Cambodian students culturally seem to be respectful, obedient, and passive towards their teachers. This happens because of the traditional classroom, which is commonly practiced and mainly focused on teacher-centered approach. This approach offers fewer opportunities to students to engage in their learning, because the teacher always plays a role as a knowledge transmitter to students. Moreover, there is little interaction among teachers and students. The teacher usually spends a great deal of time speaking and explaining in the class; while students are required to sit passively and listen to the teacher attentively (Wang, 2007). However, after the communicative language teaching has emerged in Cambodia over the last ten years, the role of teacher and student has been gradually changed in modern classroom. In other words, there is a shift from a teacher-centered approach to a learner-centered approach, which offers students more possibilities to actively engage in their learning process. Since this shift occurs, learners are viewed as the main source of information for learning process, which the practice of learner autonomy begins to grow in language learning and teaching (Benson, 2001). Holec (1981) was the first person who coined the term learner autonomy and defined it as the ability to take charge of ones own learning. Autonomous learning encourages a very active role of learners and focuses on greater students initiative rather teacher-centered direction. (Eyob, 2008). Tudor (1993) also states that learner-centeredness is not a method, nor may it be decreased to a set of rules. It is, however, an approach, which views students to have more active and participatory roles in the learning and teaching process than in traditional approaches. Additionally, this approach requires different classroom activities, the structures of which are decided by students themselves resulting in increases in students involvement and motivation. There is also a parallel change in the teachers role in learner-centered classrooms. The teacher is less likely to dominate classroom events in contrast to traditional classrooms where the learning environment is teacher-centered and teachers are considered as authorities. According to, Nunan (1996) there are two complementary aims of learner-center. One of them focuses on language content, the other focuses on learning process. To achieve these aims, leaner need to decide what they want to learn and how they want to learn at their own pace, and make a decision regarding their own language competence. Thus, it is the teachers duties to create such autonomous learning conditions in which students can acquire skills and knowledge while making choices about the process and content of their learning. Likewise, Tudor (1993) suggests that if teachers are to foster autonomous learning conditions, student will be able to get more benefit from the teaching and learning process, particularly in the following areas: (a) more relevant goal setting with the contributions of students, (b) more effective learning enriched with students preferences, (c) more benefit from activities, the content of which decided by students, (d) more efficient study program with more s tudent involvement. Learner autonomy is considered as a crucial concept that students actively manage their learning in and out of the classroom. That is, they are independent in terms of selecting their own goals and purposes, deciding on materials, choosing ways of learning and tasks, and opting for criteria for self-evaluation (Eyob, 2008). Besides, autonomous learning can be achieved by certain conditions such as using cognitive and metacognitive strategies, learner attitudes and motivation, self-esteem, and learners awareness and knowledge about language learning (Thanassoluas, 2007). Similarly, Cotterall (1999) indentifies learning strategies as one of the most important factors in autonomous language learning. She also claims that the learners will have difficulties in classroom promoting autonomous learning without strategies training. Additionally, Chan (2001) states that increasing the level of learner control will increase the level of self-determination; thereby increasing overall motivation in the development of learner autonomy. Therefore, learners need to be self-directed and to determine the direction of their own language learning process. In brief, developing and promoting autonomous learning is vital as the aim of all education is to help people think, act and learn independently in relevant areas of their lives. In this respect, a strategy for developing and fostering autonomy in language teaching will require enhanced cognitive and metacognitive skills, self-awareness to improve motivation and willingness to take charge of learning. 1.2 Problem Statement With this novel concept, learner autonomy, Cambodian students are expected to take more responsibilities to demonstrate a great deal of autonomy in their learning process in order to succeed academically. However, Many English language teachers have become frustrated with investing endless amounts of energy in their students and getting very little response. Most teachers have had groups of students who never did their homework, who were reluctant to use the target language in pair or group work, who did not learn from their mistakes, who did not listen to each other, who did not use opportunities to learn outside the classroom, and so on. These reveal that students are not making efforts in their learning. Moreover, most of them are not likely to be aware of their roles in their learning process, and particularly they lack learning strategies to enable them to excel in their language performance. Regarding this issue, students make slow progress in their learning, performing poorly, thereby affecting their ultimate achievement in English language learning. And to the best of our knowledge, there is little research conducted on assessing learner autonomy in Cambodian EFL context. Thus, the aim of the present work is to identify learners perspectives about their learning responsibly and their actual practice of learner autonomy in Cambodian Youths Future Institute (CYFI). 1.3 Research Questions: The study on the current practice of learner autonomy is aimed at answering the two main questions and the two sub questions below in order to meet the objectives 1. How do the CYFI students perceive their own and their teachers responsibilities in learning English? -Are there any differences in the learners perceptions of their own and their teachers responsibilities in learning English regarding their gender? 2. To what extent, are the Autonomous learning strategies (inside and outside the classroom) used in learning English by ESL learners at CYFI? -Are there any differences in the learning strategies according to their gender? 1.4 Significance of the study This study is expected to provide empirical support for the identification of factors considered to be significant for the promotion of autonomy in foreign language classrooms and examines the claims made in language learning literature about each of these factors. By exploring them, teachers could also construct a shared understanding of the essential foundation of learner autonomy and obtain considerable insights into what roles they have to play in order to facilitate learner autonomy. Furthermore, it can increase learners awareness of how to be in charge of their own learning and inform the learners which learning strategies that they need to learn more and apply in their learning process. Similarly, it will help learners change their behavior by encouraging them to take responsibility for their own language learning, to change their attitudes towards the English class, and to deal with their foreign language learning problems. And finally, it may serve as a preliminary idea for any interested researchers in the area. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW The Literature in this review was found from the Hun Sen Library of the Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP), and by using the websites of Asian EFL Journal, Cambridge, Google Scholar, Oxford and Zunia to identify relevant books, journals and articles focusing on Autonomy in English langue learning. Other reviews was obtained from numerous articles and the list of references by several well-known scholars such as, Beson, , Gardner, Holec, Lee, Little ,Tudor and Wenden. These scholars are long established writers in this field and have written and conducted many researches about this area. The key words used to identify the articles are Lerner Autonomy, Learner Responsibility, Self-regulated Learner and Self-access Learner. 2.1 What is learner autonomy? The definition of learner autonomy seems to interpret in many different ways. Holec (1981, p.3) was the person who first coined the term learner autonomy and defines the term as the ability to take charge of ones own direct learning. Dickinson (1995) characterizes autonomous learners as those who have the capacity for being active and independent in the learning process. While Higgs (1988, p.41) views it as a process, in which the learner works on a learning task or activity and largely independent of the teacher who acts as manager of the learning programme and as resource person. In fact, learners attain autonomy depends on a variety of factors, including learners ability to take responsibility, personal constructs, teacher support, peer support, availability and flexibility in learning environment (Little, 1990; McDevitt, 1997; Lee, 1998). Even though there is a slightly different interpretation of learner autonomy, those meanings may contribute to the understanding deeply of the term. According to Benson and Voller (1997) there are five categories of the term learner autonomy, including situations in which learners study entirely on their own, a set of skills which can be learned and applied in self-directed learning, an inborn capacity which is suppressed by institutional education, the exercise of learners responsibility for their own learning, and the right of learners to determine the direction of their own learning. However, there is also a great deal of misconceptions about the definition of autonomous language learning. Esch (1996) thinks that autonomy is not self-instruction or learning without a teacher, does not mean that intervention or initiative on the part of a teacher is banned, is not something teachers do to learners, is not a single easily identifiable behavior, and is not a steady state achieved by learners once and for all. 2.2 Why learner autonomy? In fact, the cultivation of learner autonomy is a long process. Teacher should help students develop gradually from teacher dependence to autonomy. As an old Chinese saying goes Give a man a fish, and you feed him a day; teach him how to fish, and feed him for a life time. Moreover, the saying you can bring the horse to water, but you cannot make him drink can clearly illustrate why we need learner autonomy in teaching learning process. In language learning, a teacher can offer all the necessary tools and input, but learning can only occur if learners are willing to get involved and participate (Scharle Szabo, 2000). Further, Scharle and Szabo (2000, p.4) indicate that learners can be successful in learning when they have a responsible attitude. Therefore, we can understand that learners need a great deal of responsibility and active involvement in conducting learning activities in order to accomplish tremendous achievement in language learning. Eyob (2008) also states that learners accept responsibility for their learning, they constantly reflect on what they are learning, why they are learning, and with what degree of success; and their learning is fully integrated with the rest of what they are. 2.3 Characteristics of Autonomous Learners We understand that autonomous learners have to be responsible for all decisions that they have to make in their own learning. In other words, they are self-directed in the sense that they act independently of the teacher without remaining passive or waiting to be told what to do from teachers. According to Hedge (2000) characterized autonomous learners as those who: know their needs and work productively with the teacher towards the achievement of their objectives. learn both inside and outside the classroom. can take classroom based material and can build on it. know how to use resources independently. learn with active thinking. adjust their learning strategies when necessary to improve learning. manage and divide the time in learning properly. do not think the teacher is a god who can give them ability to master the language. Further, Wenden (1991) also characterized autonomous learners as those who: are willing and have the capacity to control or supervise learning. are motivated to learn. are good guessers. choose material, methods and tasks. exercise choice and purpose in organizing and carrying out the chosen task. select the criteria for evaluation. take an active approach to the task. make and reject hypothesis. pay attention to both form and content. are willing to take risks. 2.4 The Role of Teachers and Students to Promote Learner Autonomy Holden and Usuki (1999) who questioned Japanese students perceptions of learner autonomy concluded that it was not the learners who were innately passive, but it was the teachers that created an environment which discouraged learner autonomy. Moreover, it also concluded that the vast majority of students view their instructor as playing a major role in the development of their language skills. However, it stresses that learner autonomy, is not something that teachers do to learners, or another teaching method that can be taught (Little ,1990; Benson, 2001). Also, Dickinson (1987) states that, the learner is totally responsible for all of the decision concerned with his learning and the implementation of those decisions. In a full learner autonomy there is no involvement of a teacher or an institution. And learners are also independent of specially prepared materials. For instance, the early research on language learning strategies carried out by such researchers as Rubin (1975) indic ated that good learners have an active involvement with language learning, that they have clear ideas about the best ways for them to go about language learning, and that they set up their own learning objectives. However, this research has no strong reason to support that autonomous learning requires teachers or institutions, does not mean that it must proceed independent of them. Even there is a contradiction between the role of the teacher and the learner in promoting learner autonomy, McCarthy (2000) and Scharer (2000) argue that, in developing learner autonomy, the teacher-student relationship is crucial. The trust and cooperation between the teacher and the students makes the students feel comfortable and secure in the classroom. Only then can the students have the confidence to adventure in language learning. Benson and Vollers (1997) study also found that teachers have a significant role to play in launching learners into self-access and in helping them to stay afloat. In this investigation, it was found that there is a great change for both teachers and learners. Teachers are no longer in their dominant position as speakers in class while learners are not passive receivers any more. However, it does not necessarily mean teachers are less important. On the contrary, the teachers job is more demanding and challenging in helping students grow up as creati ve and independent learners. Teachers must focus their attention on how to learn instead of how to teach. They must play different role in class as guides, facilitators and counselors. Therefore, adjusting the teachers and students roles, and establishing proper relationship are the keys to the success in promoting autonomous learning (Benson Vollers, 1997). 2.5 Language Learning Strategies There are a number of researchers who have defined the term language learning strategies (LLS) in different ways. Wenden (1991) defines LLS as, mental steps or operations that learners use to learn a new language and to regulate their efforts to do so. OMalley and Chamot (1990) defined LLS as the special thoughts or behaviors that individuals use to help them comprehend, learn, or retain new information. By understanding various definitions from different researchers, we can see that learning strategies are very important in learning a language. Hence, all students have to be trained on how to use them appropriately in order to be successful learners. According to Hedge (2000), there are four types of learning strategies utilized by language learners, including cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, socio-affective strategies, and communication strategies. 2.5.1 Cognitive Strategies Hedge (2000) defines cognitive strategies as thought processes used directly in learning which enables learners to deal with the information presented in tasks and materials by working on it in different ways. According to Tudor (1996), cognitive strategies include: Repetition: repeating a chunk of language (a word or phrase) in the course of performing language language task. Resourcing: Using available reference sources of information about the target language, including dictionaries, textbooks, and prior work. Grouping: Ordering, classifying or labeling material used in a language task based on common attributes; recalling information based on grouping previously done. Note taking: Writing down key words and concepts in abbreviated verbal, graphic, or numerical form to assist performance of a language task. Deduction/ Induction: consciously applying learned or self-developed rules to produce or understand the target language. Substitution: selecting alternative approaches, revised plans, or different words or phrases to accomplish a language task. Elaboration: Relating new information to prior knowledge; relating different parts of new information to each other; making meaningful personal associations to information presented. Summarization: Making a mental or written summary of language and information presented in a task. Translation: rendering ideas from one language to another in a relatively verbatim manner. Transfer: using previously acquired linguistic knowledge to facilitate a language task. Inference: Using available information to guess the meanings or usage of unfamiliar language items associated with language tasks, to predict outcomes, or to fill in missing information. 2.5.2 Meta-cognitive Strategies According to Oxford (1990), metacognitive strategies are actions which go beyond purely cognitive devices, which provide a way for learners to coordinate their own learning process. Oxford also mentions that there are three metacognitive strategies such as centering learning, arranging and planning learning, and evaluating learning. Moreover, Tudor (1996, p.205) also states that metacognitive strategies consist of planning, monitoring and evaluating; some of these strategies are: Planning: previewing the organizing concept or principle of an anticipated learning task (advance organization); proposing strategies for handling an upcoming task; generating a plan for the parts, sequence, main ideas, or language functions to be used in handling a task (organizational planning). Directed attention: Deciding in advance to attend in general to a learning task and to ignore irrelevant destructors; maintaining attention during task execution. Selective attention: deciding in advance to attend to specific aspects of language input or situational details that assist in performance of a task; attending to specific aspects of language input during task execution. Self-management: understanding the conditions that help one successfully accomplish language tasks and arranging for the presence of those conditions controlling ones language performance to maximize use of what is already known. Self-monitoring: checking, verifying, or correcting ones comprehension or performance in the course of a language task. Problem identification: Explicitly identifying the central point needing resolution in a task or identifying an aspect of the task that hinders its successful completion. Self-evaluation: checking the outcomes of ones own language performance against an internal measure of completeness and accuracy; checking ones language repertoire, strategy use, or ability to perform the task. Thus, it is very essential to teach students about metacognitive strategies in order to make their language learning effectively. 2.5.3 Socio-Affective Strategies Oxford (1990) the term affective strategies refer to emotion, motivation, attitudes, and values. He claims that affective strategies are concerned with the affective elements of the learners such as self-esteem, attitudes, confidence, motivation, and anxiety. Oxford (1990) also suggests that there are three main sets of affective strategies: lowering your anxiety, encouraging yourself, and taking your emotional temperature. While Tudor (1996) suggests some of the affective strategies are: Questioning for clarification: asking for explanations, verification, rephrasing, or examples about the material; asking for clarification or verification about the task; posing questions to the self. Cooperation: working together with peers to solve a problem, pool information, check a learning task, model a language activity, or get feedback on oral or written performance. Self-talk: Reducing anxiety by using mental techniques that make one feel competent to do the learning task. Self-reinforcement: providing personal motivation by arranging rewards for one self when a language activity has been successfully completed. Therefore, good language learners should know how to control their emotions and attitudes about learning (Oxford 1990). 2.5.4 Communication Strategies According to Hismanoglu (2000), communication strategies are employed by speakers when confronted with some difficulties because of the fact that their communication was misunderstood or was not caught clearly. Hedge (2000) also states that learners use communication strategies in order to make them understood and to maintain a conversation; these strategies contain gesture, mime, synonym, and paraphrases. The significance of these strategies is to help learners get involved in conversations when they practice the language and to assist learners in getting their message across or clarify what the speaker conveyed. 2.6 Learner Attitudes, Motivation and Self-Esteem Benson and Voller (1997) state that language learning is not merely a cognitive task; Learners do not reflect on their learning in terms of the language input to which they are exposed. Rather, the success of a learning activity is partially contingent upon learners stance towards the world and the learning activity in particular, their sense of self, and their desire to learn. That is, language learning involves affective elements such as attitudes, motivation and self-esteem. The term attitudes refer to learned motivations, value beliefs, evaluations, what one believes is acceptable, or responses oriented towards approaching or avoiding (Wenden, 1998, pp, 52-53). There are two kinds of attitudes which are very essential: attitudes learners hold about their role in the learning process, and their capability as learner. Thus, it appears that if learners have positive attitudes towards their learning, then those attitudes will play an important role in increasing learners motivation, and contribute to their achievements in learning. In educational context, many researchers or experts have defined the term motivation differently. So there is little agreement on the exact meaning of the term. According to Dornyei (2001) the father of motivational strategies refers the term motivation as a keen, committed, and enthusiastic learner who has good reasons for learning. Motivation explains why people decide to do something, how hard they are going to pursue it and how long they are willing to sustain the activity (Dornyei, 2001, p.7). Furthermore, according to Gardner and Macintyre (1993) indicate that motivation consist of three elements, including desire to achieve a goal, effort extended in this direction and satisfaction with the task. Indeed, people are motivated in different ways and to different degrees. And learners should encourage focusing more on their intrinsic motivation because it emerges with the inner drive or interest of the learners in doing something which they can sustain their motivation longer. Therefore, motivation is a key factor that contributes to the success of language learning. If learners are more aware of the importance of motivation, then they will be more likely to achieve their desire goals or outcomes. Indeed, attitudes and motivation are the concept of self-esteem (Thanasoulas, 2007). James (1983) defines self-esteem as a ratio found by dividing ones achievements in areas of life of importance to a given individual by the failures in them or ones success. According to Branden (2001), self-esteem is the sum of self-confidence (a feeling of personal capacity) and self-respect (a feeling of personal worth). If learners have a high self-esteem, then they may achieve highly in their learning process. Conversely, if they have a low self-esteem, then it can lead to negative attitudes towards their learning, possibly deteriorate their cognitive perform and lowering their success (Wenden, 1991, p.57). All in all, learners have to be willing to take charge of their own learning. They should use the right strategies plus having positive attitudes, intrinsic motivation and high self-esteem. And all of these do contribute a lot in leading them to largely succeed in language learning. Most importantly, they should use every opportunity that they obtain in order to learn the language effectively and successfully. Thus, teachers and students should be responsible in fostering autonomous learning (Eyob 2008). CHAPTER THREE Methods 3.1 Research Design To conduct this study, the researcher utilizes a survey research in order to describe the current practice of autonomous learning by CYFI students. By using this method, it also assists to illustrate the fundamental problems that challenge the practice. The method is suitable in attempting to describe the attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a sample or the entire population (Creswell, 2005). Additionally, it included cross-sectional studies using questionnaires and focus group interviews for data collection. 3.2 Data collection tools Chamot (2004) suggests that appropriate methods in conducting this kind of the study need to be utilized. Those recommending researches tools in data collection are group focus, interview and questionnaire and these methods can help researchers to ensure the reliability and validity 3.2.1 Questionnaire The self-administered questionnaire is used in order to obtain descriptive and frequencies data of the study. The researcher employs this questionnaire because it is able to be administered with or without the presence of the researcher and it is easy to analyze with many computer software packages (Wilson Mclean, 1994). In addition, Questionnaire is familiar to most people. Nearly everyone has had some experience completing questionnaires and they generally do not make people apprehensive. Questionnaire also reduces bias; there is uniform question presentation and no middle-man bias. Also, the researchers own opinions will not influence the respondent to answer questions in a certain manner because there are no verbal or visual clues to influence the respondent. Nevertheless, the researcher need to invest great amount of time to develop, pilot, and refine questionnaire and data collected may lack of flexibility of responding (Wilson Mclean,1994). The rate of return can also be a m ajor concern when the researcher uses this data collecting tool (Anderson Arsenault, 1998). 3.2.2 Focus Group Discussion The researcher uses a focus group discussion as a second data collection tool for this study. In order to verify the data collected from the questionnaire and to make the data more enriched and valid. By using focus group discussion, the researcher can explore more insights in some particular areas found from the results of the questionnaire and can cross check and probe more information about the study. Moreover, focus group will offer a collective view rather than an individual view and it is economical and less time-consuming. It also produce a large amount of data (Mogan, 1988). However, focus group may yield the data less than the survey and data may lack overall reliability as group disagreement and even conflicts may arise. Also, Data obtained from focus group will be difficult to analyze concisely. 3.3 Sample size and Sampling technique The research is conducted in the form of a case study. The target populations of this study are Level 07 CYFI students whose levels are pre-intermediate. The sample of about 60 students of the entire population is chosen purposively to complete the questionnaire study. Besides, 4 to 6 students are also selected purposively to involve in the focus group discussion. The researcher intends to choose a non-probabilistic convenient sampling procedure for the study because, as its name suggests, it is convenient, fast, low cost and less-time consuming. Also, it is easy to conduct and the participants are available and voluntary to participate in the study (Cohen, Manion Morrison, 2007). And yet, the sampling may fails to represent the whole population and be limited to make a generalizability of the findings due to its nature. 3.4 Data collection process The self-administered questionnaires are administered to the participants at the end of their class. Since there are two kinds of self-administered questionnaires, the participants have a choice to complete questionnaires either in the presence or in the absence of the researcher, assistants and their teachers. If the participants decide to fil